1) eventually, there will be a madman in charge of the nukes. Only a matter of time.
As long as there are nukes, I believe they will eventually be used.
2) another option to consider. MAD assumes the 1st strike party will also be annihilated. Perhaps someone will figure out a way to use their nukes first while somehow preventing a counter strike. “Unknown unknowns“.
The madman will most likely be some isolated small entity. Yes it can do some damage but will be wiped out of the face of the Earth by the rest of the world.
As for massive, world ending attack - hopefully over the time all those treaties, agreements and monitoring that were in place before this attack on Ukraine will be restored over the time and improved.
1) eventually, there will be a madman in charge of the nukes. Only a matter of time. As long as there are nukes, I believe they will eventually be used.
2) another option to consider. MAD assumes the 1st strike party will also be annihilated. Perhaps someone will figure out a way to use their nukes first while somehow preventing a counter strike. “Unknown unknowns“.
3) technical malfunction