There have been efforts, but none have been totally successful.
In the past you had Java applets, Silverlight and Flash. Compile-to-JS languages depend on rather than replace JavaScript, but it's about as close as you can get without being a browser developer. Chrome did originally intend Dart to be supported natively in the browser but eventually gave up that effort. Perhaps now Chrome is dominant to push it through without getting buy-in from Apple and Mozilla, but I doubt they have any interest now that there's WebAssembly.
Like it or not, WebAssembly is seen as the answer for additional languages in the browser. And for most developers JavaScript functions well enough as either a development language or compilation target.
In the past you had Java applets, Silverlight and Flash. Compile-to-JS languages depend on rather than replace JavaScript, but it's about as close as you can get without being a browser developer. Chrome did originally intend Dart to be supported natively in the browser but eventually gave up that effort. Perhaps now Chrome is dominant to push it through without getting buy-in from Apple and Mozilla, but I doubt they have any interest now that there's WebAssembly.
Like it or not, WebAssembly is seen as the answer for additional languages in the browser. And for most developers JavaScript functions well enough as either a development language or compilation target.