Generally when people use their total pre-tax income when answering annual income in surveys. That pay might include a base pay plus bonuses. I suspect that most people include bonuses when reporting compensation. However, I suspect that many do not include things like stock options or grants when reporting total annual income.

The separate question of whether you are being taken advantage of is very contextual. Relevant questions include:

Is my salary not improving even though my skills and domain knowledge are dramatically different?

How does my salary compare to other developers at other companies in my city/state/region with similar skills, experience and responsibilities?

How does my salary compare to other developers and/or other roles within my own company - is their evidence that it is unfair?

Compensation information at the appropriate level of specificity [role, training, skills, domain knowledge, location, industry and company size] is rarely available at all to individuals at least at a reasonable cost. Sometimes it is available through HR benchmarking companies that sell the information to employers.

This information asymmetry tends to give negotiating advantage to the employer.

Generally income data is pre-tax, not take home; and, BTW, without benefits like vacation, health care factored into the number - but in practical terms they do make a difference. Learn to do your own pre/post tax calculations. Account for life balance like schedule and commute time too.

No raise == slow decline in pay. Inflation now means around a 2% paycut if it is not compensated. Personally, it's a really bad indicator if a company doesn't at least keep up with inflation.

Early in your career, you generally should expect more frequent and larger pay bumps. It's cheaper to give a junior dev a pay bump than senior devs, and they're generally on a good learning curve to improve the value they provide to the company. If that's not happening, then it's very normal to do thing to preserve your own career growth and look for new opportunities.