Typically, the behavior of any given metal is a mix of mechanisms so the measured behavior is fit to a curve where you fit n. So for metals the exponent is typically a decimal between 2 and 5.
It would be interesting to see a blogpost on parameterizing a model in PyBaMM given a commercial cell. I imagine many battery engineers using simulation-based design tread over the same ground for determining parameters from literature, X-rays, etc.
The "batteries-included" models in PyBaMM would apply to sodium batteries and lead-acid batteries (i.e. either the full Doyle-Fuller-Newman model or the Single Particle simplification). Flow batteries would probably require implementing a new model, which is supported in PyBaMM, since you need to model forced convection on either side of the separator.
I know PyBaMM has a relatively modular modeling system, but I'm not sure how they've broken down the models they have implemented.
Yeah thanks for the extra insight. On the modular modelling system bit, this is something we're not particularly good at telling people or highlighting. You can solve any PDE you want with PyBaMM but a lot of the high level battery models have been built upon several classes of lower level models that make battery specific assumptions. The Oxford University software research group headed by our good friend Martin gave a really nice intro course this year which helps you build a model from scratch which I find always helps with understanding https://train.rse.ox.ac.uk/material/HPCu/libraries. We should do more non-battery examples too, there is this one solving transient heat conduction in a rod https://docs.pybamm.org/en/latest/source/examples/notebooks/...
Also probably a skin and lung irritant. Lots of people have contact allergies to macroscale silver and nanowires tend to get embedded in cells in soft tissue.
Regarding nanowires, for what it's worth, nano silver is used as a highly effective antimicrobial skin cream, and none of its users complain of an allergy. In this way it also accelerates wound healing. It is even more benign than some skin antibiotics that trigger an allergy. Given this evidence, I don't think nanoscale use of silver in clothing is going to be a a concern for the vast majority of people.
Disclaimer: Silver is a slight poison and should not be used for a prolonged duration.
I think the concern is about when the clothing starts falling apart and nanowires end up in the air of your room and eventually your lungs/stomach, like nanoplastics cross into tissue and individual cells, accumulate, turn up in sperm/placenta etc.
It turns out that some small amount of nano silver is perfectly manageable by the body, although I make no claim for the lungs. People even apply or drink it as an antimicrobial medicine without issue. It's when they take too much silver over time that it becomes an issue.
Upon further research, it turns out that nano silver gradually accumulates in the brain and the testes. It is otherwise eliminated from the body, but not so easily from these organs. As such, it is not safe for long-term exposure.
References:
Accumulation of Silver Nanoparticles in Brain and Testes during Long-Term Ingestion to Mammals (2017)
Disturbance in Mammalian Cognition Caused by Accumulation of Silver in Brain (2021) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
As I understand, the body has mechanisms to safely eliminate some low amount of nano silver. I don't know if the exposure from this material as clothing would exceed any safe threshold.
> human body doesn't use silver. At all. Which means it accumulates over lifetime.
The human body has diverse ways to excrete things many that it doesn't use, namely by urine, stools, sweat, and bile. Kidneys, liver, and intestines specialize in it.
<<Up to a point, excess silver is excreted out>>, although other things like various forms of PFAS are not.
All of those things you described happen in food pipeline, something nano size that could even come through your lungs would cross into soft tissue and individual cells and live there forever never to be excreted, again see microplastic in sperm and placenta
Upon further research, it turns out that nano silver gradually accumulates in the brain and the testes. It is otherwise eliminated from the body, but not so easily from these organs. As such, it is not safe for long-term exposure.
References:
Accumulation of Silver Nanoparticles in Brain and Testes during Long-Term Ingestion to Mammals (2017)
Disturbance in Mammalian Cognition Caused by Accumulation of Silver in Brain (2021) (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
It can affect battery longevity. If you charge lithium ion at cold enough temperatures, you get lithium plating which rapidly degrades capacity and can lead to internal shorts and fires.
There isn't any difference between the guano graphene and the non-guano graphene in terms of structure -- look at figures 1 and 2. Figure 2A is clearly 4 of the same spectra because thermal exfoliation in the presence of guano doesn't create a materially different graphene than not in the presence of guano.
The rest of the paper is poking fun at all of the referenced papers that just have inconsistent electrochemical experimental setups that produce apparently increased electrocatalytic effects.
